1 Introduction

This document is the Technical Appendix to the paper “Cities, Land and Space: A History of ‘Urban Economics’ as a Field”. The article is written by Beatrice Cherrier and Anthony Rebours.For questions and requests concerning the part of the project contained in this appendix please email Anthony Rebours. We also thank Julie Sixou and Aurélien Goutsmedt for their help and useful remarks.

Our paper uses co-citation and network visualization to map the scientific field of urban economics and its transformations since the early 1960s. Co-citation is a technique that links references that are cited together by a corpus. This provides a mapping of past and present researchers that are identified as working on related topics or with related methods at a given point of time. It was pioneered by Small 1973 and Marshakova 1973 (see also Gmür 2003 and Boyack and Klavans 2010 for a review). It was previously used by Yves Gingras to tracks the transformation of gene research (Réale et al. 2020) or of the shifts in the inner structure of physics as a discipline (Gingras 2007; Khelfaoui and Gingras 2019).¹

In bibliometric and network analysis, co-citation and bibliographic coupling are the two main techniques used to analyze how scientific works relate to others, none being originally developed for history purpose. Co-citation technique links cited documents (articles, books, book chapters) depending on the number of times they appear in references of citing articles. If two documents are co-cited (which means they are referenced in a same citing document), there is a link between the two. The strength of the link depends on the number of citing documents that “co-cite” these two nodes. Alternatively, in bibliographic coupling citing documents are linked according to the number of references they share in their respective bibliographies. The more they share references, the stronger the link between them. Both techniques highlight how a discipline structures itself at a given moment of time.

We have chosen to work with an adaptation of co-citation analysis where the nodes are authors rather than pieces of scientific work. This is because we are primarily interested in how urban economists, though their citations practices, have identified changing communities of past and present authors working on close topics and/or with close methods. Indeed, co-citation analysis allows us to capture renewed interest to old references, and how those can serve as reference base for different communities across time.² For instance, Christaller may be cited often together with Isard in the 1960s, then disappear from bibliographies, then become cited anew in the 1990s alongside Krugman’s work. It provides fewer information on the structuration of a discipline at time t, but it allows to study how old communities around given references, topics or methods are being recomposed with time. Our networks thus represent clusters of authors that are identified by contributors of a specific period as belonging to the same intellectual or cognitive community.³ The more frequent these two authors are cited together, the thicker the link between the two. The more central an author, the bigger the node.⁴

First, we present the database that we have built from Web of Science as well as the process whereby we matched it with data from Scopus. Second, we explain how we generate a series of co-citation networks with the Biblionetwork R package and the open-source software Gephi. Third, we present colored networks for four time periods, with centrality measures for some authors and the 20 top-cited publications for each periods.

2 Data

2.1 Database extraction from the Web of Science (WoS)

As we explain in the introduction to our article, our seeds are the three founding texts of the AMM model – Location and Land Use by Alonso (1964), the article “An Aggregate model of resource allocation in a metropolitan area” by Mills (1967) and Cities and Housing by Muth (1969). These texts are among the most influential texts in urban economics. For instance, Table 1 shows that Muth (1969), Alonso (1964) and Mills (1967) are the 1st, 2nd and 7th most cited documents by all the articles published in the Journal of Urban Economics (JUE) between 1974 and July 2019, as reference by the Clarivate Analytics’ Web of Science (WoS) databases.⁵ As we can see, among the 2 132 articles that were published by JUE between 1974 and 2019, Muth (1969) have been cited by 219 articles published in the JUE, Alonso (1964) by 141 and Mills (1967) by 91.

Top Cited Publications (Books and Articles) in JUE	count
Muth-RF, 1969, Cities and Housing	219
Alonso-W, 1964, Location and Land Use: Toward a Theory of Land Rent	141
Tiebout-CM, 1956, "A Pure Theory of Expenditures" - Journal of Political Economy	134
Mills-ES, 1972, Urban Economics	129
Rosen-S, 1974, "Hedonic Prices and Implicit Markets" - Journal of Political Economy	126
Mills-ES, 1972, Studies in the Structures of the Urban Economy	103
Mills-ES, 1967, "An Aggregative Model of Resource Allocation in a Metropolitan Area" - American Economic Review	91
Roback-J, 1982, "Wage, Rents, and the Quality of Life" - Journal of Political Economy	75
Krugman-PR, 1991, "Increasing Returns and Economic Geography" - Journal of Political Economy	73
Rosenthal-SS and Strange W.C., 2004, "Evidence on the Nature and Sources of Agglomeration Economies" - Handbook of Regional and Urban Economics	69
Marshall-A, 1920, Principles of Economics	67
Henderson-JV, 1977, Economic Theory and the Cities	62
Glaeser-EL, Kallal H.D., Scheinkman A.J. and Schleifer A., 1992, "Growth in Cities" - Journal of Political Economy	60
Henderson-JV, 1974, "The Sizes and Types of Cities" - American Economic Review	59
Wheaton-WC, 1974, "A Comparative Static Analysis of Urban Spatial Structure" - Journal of Economic Theory	59
Kain-JF, 1968, "Housing Segregation, Negro Employment and Metropolitan Decentralization" - Quarterly Journal of Economics	58
Oates-WE, 1969, "The Effects of Property Taxes and Local Public Spending on Property Values" - Journal of Political Economy	56
Duranton-G and Puga D., 2004, "Micro-Foundations of Urban Agglomeration Economies" - Handbook of Regional and Urban Economics	54
Fujita-M, 1989, Urban Economic Theory	50
Zodrow-GR and Mieszkowski P., 1986, "Pigou, Tiebout, Property Taxation, and the Underprovision of Local Public Goods" - Journal of Urban Economics	50

Table 1: Top 20 cited documents (books and articles) by all the articles published in the Journal of Urban Economics between 1974 and 2019 (WoS)

Figure 1: Direct citations to Alonso (1964), Mills (1967) and Muth (1969) from all journals indexed in WoS

To build our corpus, we first identified all the papers in all the journals and for all the periods covered by the WoS that cite at least one of the three founding texts of AMM. We accessed the WoS databases via an interface built by the researchers of the Observatoire des sciences et technologie based at the CIRST, Montreal, through a series of custom-made SQL queries.⁶ These queries allowed us to gather 2 939 articles published between 1964 and 2019 in different journals from different disciplines. In a second step, we gathered all the references cited alongside Alonso (1964), Muth (1969) and/or Mills (1967) in those articles. Because this raw data requires time-consuming hand manipulation to be cleaned, we implemented this second step on a selected range of periods that will allow us to compare the transformation of the field across time.

Time windows selection: In the bibliometric literature it is generally advised to use time windows between five and ten years to analyze citations or social sciences. This is because the median age of cited literature in these disciplines is about five years and their citations peak around ten years after their publication (Archambault and Larivière 2010). For that reason, we choose to focus on four time windows of five years each in our study: 1975-1979, 1985-1989, 2000-2004 and 2005-2009. This choice has also been informed by our qualitative research. The 1975-1979 window captures the effects of the large influx of money that urban research received in the wake of the urban riots of 1965-1967 on publications. The 1985-1989 window capture the state of the field after this strong financial support had dried up, resulting in the disinterest of star economists, and before Paul Krugman published his work on geographical economics. The final window captures the state of the field after the influence of the geographical economics approach had stabilized.Table 2 shows the number of papers that cite at least of the three texts of AMM during each of our time windows and the number of references they contain.

Time windows	Nbr of articles	Nbr of references	References per articles
1975-1979	318	8,626	27.12579
1985-1989	219	8,176	37.33333
2000-2004	234	10,073	43.04701
2005-2009	291	13,277	45.62543

Table 2: Articles and references in each time window

Author cleaning: Most co-citation studies present networks where the nodes connected through edges are individual references, such as “Kain 1965.” What we are interested in, rather, is to map the transformation of a community of researchers interested in urban economics, and how frequently these researchers are cited together, thus identified as intellectually close. Our main methodological challenge was thus to move from author/papers data entries to author ones. As a first step, we:

excluded references which author’s name is that of an institution (for instance, documents whose author is the US Bureau of Census)
excluded references only cited once in our database, which can be considered as references only weekly or accidentally associated with urban economics
excluded citations to publications by Alonso, Muth and Mills themselves. Being the seeds, the three authors are by construction at the center of the network. Their prominence is not new information and hinders other interesting features of our networks

Table 3 shows the remaining references after these modifications.

Time windows	Nbr of articles	Nbr of references	References per articles
1975-1979	314	3,537	11.26433
1985-1989	219	3,367	15.37443
2000-2004	234	6,589	28.15812
2005-2009	289	6,116	21.16263

Table 3: Articles and references in each time windows for cleaned data

2.2 Matching with Scopus database

The WoS is not exhaustive, but its gaps and biases are well identified and assessed (Archambault et al. 2009).It is also generally considered as a more reliable source of data than GoogleScholar or Scopus. To be included in the WoS, a scientific article need to abide by a list of criteria, making the process more stringent and controlled than for GoogleScholar. This list includes aspects such as international recognition, peer-review process, scientific editorial norms, etc. More importantly, at least for our objectives in this study, WoS databases have better coverage of data, since those indexed in Scopus were generally limited to the period after 1996, despite some recent additions (Lariviere and Sugimoto 2018, pp. 51-55).

One might complain that only journal articles are indexed in the WoS. However, this limit does not represent a major issue as, even if in social sciences the weight of research articles is less important than in fields like physics, specially before the 1990s (Larivière et al. 2006), articles published in scholarly journals represents, even at the time, the vehicles par excellence for the circulation of knowledge validated by the scientific profession. Moreover, there is no reason to think that citations from books would be different than that from articles. In fact, Yves Gingras and Mahdi Khelfaoui (2019) analyzed citation patterns from different social and humanity fields to show that there were no significant differences between rankings of authors whether they are cited in journals, books and book chapters. Moreover, it must be noted that the papers contained in the journals indexed in the WoS cite thousands of different publication mediums, including books and book chapters, and not only the major journals which are represented in the database.

Another more important limitation of the WoS is that it only lists the first author of the references. If we want to build a co-citation network linking the authors of the reference, we need a way to collect information about all the authors of the references. To address this issue, we compared the references in the corpus that we extracted from the WoS with references from Scopus. The latter database contains information not only about first author but also about all the co-authors of references indexed. To match the references from our corpus to that of Scopus databases, we look for references with same first author, publication name, year of publication and, if it exists, the same volume.

Unfortunately, not all the references we had were covered in Scopus (codes to query Scopus’ API and results are provided in our replication package):

26% for the period 1975-1979
35% for the period 1985-1989
51% for the period 2000-2004
52% for the period 2005-2009

Given that all missing references needed to be hand-searched, we restricted our corpus to the work being cited at least 5 times in each time window.

3 Co-citation networks

Since our focus is on urban economists, not just the work produced, we applied the co-citation method in a way that makes the nodes cited authors. To do so, we grouped all cited documents associated with an author’s name together in a given time window (White and Griffith 1981). The links thus represent how often two authors are cited together during this time window, which we interpret as a sign of intellectual proximity (from the perspective of the researcher who cite them together).

Focusing on authors also required us to separate all co-authors of each cited reference in our database. To do so, we followed Dangzhi Zhao (2006) and treat co-authorship as co-citation.⁷ An alternative to this “inclusive all-author co-citation analysis” approach would have been to choose an “exclusive all-author co-citation analysis” approach by excluding co-authorship as co-citation. A problem by doing this is that if an author in our corpus is only present as second author of only one document he would appear in our networks as being connected with all the rest of the authors with whom he is co-cited except his co-author. Treating co-authorship as co-citation is also consistent with considering co-authorship as another sign of cognitive proximity.⁸

A consequence of our method is that our corpus contains references in articles published by journals from different disciplines and different periods. Yet, citation practices vary over time and across scientific fields (Gingras and Larivière 2014). Documents with more references are likely to have more co-cited documents. It means that authors coming from disciplines where researchers cite more references, who self-cite a lot, or who are cited multiple times in a given paper might inflate their importance in the networks. Since our focus is on the enduring status of an author in the field of urban economics rather than on rough citation count, we thus correct for these biases through normalizing citations with Salton’s cosine measure* to normalize citations in our corpus (van Eck and Waltman 2009). Salton’s technique divides the number of times two references are co-cited in articles by the product of the square roots of the articles’ respective total number of references (Sen and Gan 1983). To produce the edge lists for our co-citation networks with the normalized values of the different co-cited authors, we used the biblionetwork R package designed by Goutsmedt, Claveau and Truc (2021). We produced an edge list for each time windows. Here is the code we used to generate them:

# Packages
library(here) # to create path to save data in repository
library(rio) # to import-export datatables
library(biblionetwork) # to create co-citation edge lists

# Input Data

data7579 <- import(here("data", "cocitation_inputs", "input7579.csv"))
data8589 <- import(here("data", "cocitation_inputs", "input8589.csv"))
data0004 <- import(here("data", "cocitation_inputs", "input0004.csv"))
data0509 <- import(here("data", "cocitation_inputs", "input0509.csv"))


# Cocitation tables

cocitation7579 <- data7579 %>%
  biblio_cocitation(source = "ID_Article_citant",ref = "value") %>%
  select(-c('from','to'))

cocitation8589 <- data8589 %>% 
  biblio_cocitation(source = "ID_Article_citant",ref = "value") %>%
  select(-c('from','to'))

cocitation0004 <- data0004 %>% 
  biblio_cocitation(source = "Citing_ID",ref = "Name_Aut") %>% 
  select(-c('from','to'))

cocitation0509 <- data0509 %>% 
  biblio_cocitation(source = "ID_Article_citant",ref = "value") %>%
  select(-c('from', 'to'))


# Export

cocitation7579 %>% 
  export(here("data", "cocitations", "cocitations7579.csv", 
              sep=";", 
              row.names = FALSE))

cocitation8589 %>% 
  export(here("data", "cocitations", "cocitations7579.csv", 
              sep=";", 
              row.names = FALSE))

cocitation0004 %>% 
  export(here("data", "cocitations", "cocitations7579.csv", 
              sep=";", 
              row.names = FALSE))

cocitation0509 %>% 
  export(here("data", "cocitations", "cocitations7579.csv", 
              sep=";", 
              row.names = FALSE))

Once we had the edge list for each time windows, we input them into the open-source software Gephi to generate our co-citation networks. Gephi uses the Force Atlas 2 algorithm (Jacomy et al. 2014) which calculate the location of each node (author) in the network according to the intensity of the edges (co-citations) it has with the other nodes in the network.⁹ The more two co-cited authors are, the thicker the edge between them and the closer they will appear on the network map. In addition, we also used Gephi option to calculate the weigthed centrality degree of all the authors present in the networks. This quantitative indicator measures the number of weighted links an author has with all other scientists (Freeman 1978/1979). The fact that links are weighted means that it takes into account the number of times two authors are co-cited and not only the fact that they are co-cited as with the simple centrality measure. In our co-citation networks this is reflected by the sizes of the nodes.

To visualize better the communities resulting from our co-citation analysis, we applied the Leiden detection Algorithm designed by Traag, Waltman and van Eck (2019). The algorithm maximizes modularity, that is the quality of a particular division in a network (Newman and Girvan 2004). In other words, it identifies groups of authors that have significantly stronger citation links with each other compared to the links they have with those outside of the group. Our basic assumption here is that scholars that are identified by those who cited them as sharing the same interests in domains or methods should be clustered into a group of cohesive authors (“communities”). For each periods we used the same resolution of 1 with 1 000 iterations (it makes sure that we have the same clusters each time we input our edge lists in Gephi). Communities are represented in different colors in the networks presented in the Annex below. The resulting networks are represented in figures 1 to 4 below.

Finally we applied a general threshold on edges. As it is clear from these figures, they are still too dense to be properly interpreted, so that we also propose a network for each time window where all the nodes but only the most salient co-citation edges are represented. To do so, we impose a co-citation threshold under which our edges are not represented, which varies with the size of each network. We choose each threshold so that it alters the structure of the networks as little as possible, since modularity maximization is known to be sensitive to threshold effects (Fortunato and Barthélémy 2007). To avoid introducing potential and artificial changes in community structures, we applied the Leiden Algorithm before introducing thresholds and we used the same threshold for each of the four networks by keeping only links with an intensity superior to 0.2. Figure 1 to 4 show the impact of these choices before (at the bottom of the figures) and after applying thresholds (at the top of the figures).

3.1 1975-1979

Figure 2: 1975-1979 Network with 0.2 threshold (bottom) and without threshold (top)

Rank	Label	Weighted_Degree	Degree
1	JF Kain	11.821168	79
2	P Mieszkowski	8.599407	43
3	R Solow	8.320455	59
4	D Pines	8.127496	40
4	E Sheshinski	8.127496	40
4	Y Oron	8.127496	40
7	AS Blinder	6.945762	48
8	AT King	6.817223	30
9	JA Henning	6.816821	34
9	RG Ridker	6.816821	34
11	JM Quigley	6.591449	33
12	AJ Heins	6.463262	26
12	RA Haugen	6.463262	26
14	MJ Bailey	6.462183	29
15	L Wingo	6.280601	65
16	V Lapham	6.085429	31
17	CM Tiebout	6.031860	36
18	AG Wilson	5.926792	41
19	GS Becker	5.862854	37
20	GK Ingram	5.849458	35
20	JR Ginn	5.849458	35

Table 4.1: Most central authors 1975-1979 alongside AMM

Rank	Top Cited Documents (Books and Articles)	Nbr Citation
1	Wingo L., 1961, Transportation and Urban Land	40
2	Evans A.W., 1973, The Economics of Residential Location	28
3	Ridker R.G. and Henning J.A., 1967, "The Determinants of Residential Property Values with Special Reference to Air Pollution" - The Review of Economics and Statistics	27
4	King A.T. and Mieszkowski P., 1973, "Racial Discrimination, Segregation, and the Price of Housing" - Journal of Political Economy	26
5	Clark C., 1951, "Urban Population Densities" - Journal of The Royal Statistical Society: Series A	24
5	Tiebout C.M., 1956, "A Pure Theory of Expenditures" - Journal of Political Economy	24
7	Kain J.F., 1970, "Measuring the Value of Housing Quality" - Journal of American Statistical Association	23
8	Reid M.G., 1962, Housing and Income	22
9	Beckmann M.J., 1969, "On the Distribution of Urban Rent and Residential Density" - Journal of Economic Theory	21
9	Ingram G.K., Kain J.F. and Ginn R.J., 1972, The Detroit Prototype of The NBER Urban Simulation Model	21
9	Solow R.M., 1972, "Congestion Density and the Use of Land in Transportation" - Swedish Journal of Economics	21
12	De Leeuw F., 1971, "The Demand for Housing" - The Review of Economics and Statistics	20
13	Oates W.E., 1969, "The Effects of Property Taxes and Local Public Spending on Property Values" - Journal of Political Economy	19
14	Lapham V., 1971, "Do Blacks Pay More for Housing?" - Journal of Political Economy	17
14	Meyer J.R., Kain J.F. and Wohl M., 1965, The Urban Transportation Problem	17
14	Straszheim M.R., 1975, An Econometric Analysis of Urban Housing Market	17
17	Kain J.F. and Quigley J.M., 1975, Housing Markets and Racial Discriminations	16
17	Kain J.F., 1962, "The Journey to Work as a Determinant of Residential Location" - Papers and Proceedings of Regional Science Association	16
17	Solow R.M. and Vickrey W., 1971, "Land Use in a Long Narrow City" - Journal of Economic Theory	16
20	Bailey M.J., 1959, "Note on the Economics of Residential Zoning and Urban Renewal" - Land Economics	14
20	Dixit A.K., 1973, "The Optimum Factory Town" - Bell Journal of Economics Management	14
20	Lowry I.S., 1964, A Model of Metropolis	14
20	Roseackerman S., 1975, "Racism and Urban Structure" - Journal of Urban Economics	14
20	Solow R.M., 1973, "Congestion Cost and the Use of Land for Streets" - Bell Journal of Economic Management	14

Table 4.2: Top cited publications for 1975-1979 alongside AMM (WoS)

3.2 1985-1989

Figure 3: 1985-1989 Network with 0.2 threshold (bottom) and without threshold (top)

Rank	Label	Weighted_Degree	Degree
1	AG Wilson	12.670267	49
2	A Anas	11.997348	59
3	BH Stevens	11.264161	46
3	JD Herbert	11.264161	46
5	B Harris	11.011202	43
6	IS Lowry	10.930969	34
7	H Ogawa	10.583076	54
7	M Fujita	10.583076	54
9	HC Williams	9.674027	28
9	JD Coelho	9.674027	28
9	SM Macgill	9.674027	28
12	ML Senior	9.264200	35
13	HCWL Williams	8.978190	27
14	JM Hartwick	8.968242	44
14	PG Hartwick	8.968242	44
16	L Wingo	8.878137	53
17	JF Kain	8.816340	45
18	D Bayliss	8.601319	29
19	A Losch	8.218161	40
20	EM Hoover	8.127265	37

Table 5.1: Most central authors 1985-1989 alongside AMM

Rank	Top Cited Documents (Books and Articles)	Nbr Citation
1	Rosen S., 1974, "Hedonic Prices and Implicit Markets" - Journal of Political Economics	22
2	Clark C., 1951, "Urban Population Densities" - Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A	19
3	Anas A., 1982, Residential Location Markets and Urban Transportation	16
3	Losch A., 1954, The Economics of Location	16
3	von Thunen J.H., 1826, The Isolated State	16
6	Herbert J.D. and Stevens B.H., 1960, "A Model for the Distribution of Residential Activity in Urban Areas" - Journal of Regional Science	15
7	Lowry I.S., 1964, A Model of Metropolis	13
7	Wingo L., 1961, Transportation and Urban Land	13
9	Harvey D., 1973, Social Justice and The City	12
9	Mc Donald J.F. and Woods Bowman H., 1976, "Some Tests of Alternative Urban Population Density Functions" - Journal of Urban Economics	12
9	Ogawa H. and Fujita M., 1980, "Equilibrium Land Use Patterns in A Nonmonocentric City" - Journal of Regional Science	12
9	Weber A., 1909, Theory of the Location of Industries	12
9	Wheaton W.C., 1974, "A Comparative Static Analysis of Urban Spatial Structure" - Journal of Economic Theory	12
9	Wheaton W.C., 1982, "Urban Residential Growth under Perfect Foresight" - Journal of Urban Economics	12
15	Henderson J.V., 1977, Economic Theory and the Cities	11
15	Hoyt H., 1939, The Structure and Growth of Residential Neighborhoods in American Cities	11
15	Isard W., 1956, Location and Space-Economy	11
15	Mayo S.K., 1981, "Theory and Estimation in the Economics of Housing Demand" - Journal of Urban Economics	11
15	Wheaton W.C., 1977, "Income and Urban Residence: An Analysis of Consumer Demand for Location" - American Economic Review	11
20	Beckmann M.J., 1976, "Spatial Equilibrium in the Disperced City" - Papageorgiou G.J. (ed) Mathematical Land Use Theory	10
20	Fujita M. and Ogawa H., 1982, "Multiple Equilibria and Structural Transition of Non-Monocentric Urban Configurations" - Regional Science and Urban Economics	10
20	Newling B.E., 1969, "The Spatial Variation of Urban Population Densities" - Geographical Review	10

Table 5.2: Top cited publications for 1985-1989 alongside AMM (WoS)

3.3 2000-2004

Figure 4: 2000-2004 Network with 0.2 threshold (bottom) and without threshold (top)

Rank	Label	Weighted_Degree	Degree
1	KA Small	24.08556	154
2	PR Krugman	21.45719	117
3	M Fujita	19.70089	123
4	JC Garreau	19.26178	121
5	A Anas	18.73109	123
6	EL Glaeser	18.66702	92
7	G Giuliano	18.29338	88
8	HW Richardson	17.70400	101
8	P Gordon	17.70400	101
10	JV Henderson	17.68631	69
11	RJ Arnott	17.55502	115
12	A Shleifer	16.14835	59
12	JA Scheinkman	16.14835	59
14	S Song	16.05912	76
15	JF Kain	15.93470	95
16	AK Dixit	15.83058	67
17	J Jacobs	15.73647	59
18	AJ Venables	15.60316	94
19	M Batty	15.24786	70
20	R Cervero	15.20976	67

Table 6.1: Most central authors 2000-2004 alongside AMM

Rank	Top Cited Documents (Books and Articles)	Nbr Citation
1	Fujita M., 1989, Urban Economic Theory: Land Use and City Size	31
1	von Thunen J.H., 1826, The Isolated State	31
3	Rosen S., 1974, "Hedonic Prices and Implicit Markets" - Journal Political Economics	26
4	Anas A., Arnott R. and Small K.A., 1998, "Urban Spatial Structure" - Journal of Economic Litterature	25
5	Fujita M., Krugman P. and Venables A.J., 1999, The Spatial Economy: Cities, Regions and International Trade	24
5	Garreau J., 1991, Edge City: Life on the New Frontier	24
7	Krugman P., 1991, "Increasing Returns and Economic Geography" - Journal of Political Economy	21
8	Isard W., 1956, Location and Space-Economy	18
8	Tiebout C.M., 1956, Journal of Political Economy	18
10	Marshall A., 1890, Principles of Economics	16
11	Batty M. and Longley M., 1994, Fractal Cities: A Geometry of Form and Function	15
11	Fujita M. and Ogawa H., 1982, "Multiple Equilibria and Structural Tranition of Non-Monocentric Urban Configurations" - Regional Science and Urban Economics	15
13	Christaller W., 1933, Central Places in Southern Germany	13
13	Dixit A.K. and Stiglitz J.E., 1977, "Monopolistic Competition and Optimum Product Diversity" - American Economic Review	13
13	Giuliano G. and Small K.A., 1993, "Is the Journey to Work Explained by Urban Structure" - Urban Studies	13
13	Krugman P., 1991, Geography and Trade	13
17	Anselin L., 1988, Spatial Econometrics: Methods and Models	12
17	Giuliano G. and Small K.A., 1991, "Subcenters in the Los Angeles Region" - Regional Science and Urban Economics	12
17	Gordon P. and Richardson H.W., 1997, "Are Compact Cities a Desirable Planning Goal?" - Journal of the American Planning Association	12
17	Mieszkowski P. and Mills E.S., 1993, "The Causes of Metropolitan Suburbanization" - Journal of Economic Perspectives	12

Table 6.2: Top cited publications for 2000-2004 alongside AMM (WoS)

3.4 2005-2009

Figure 5: 2005-2009 Network with 0.2 threshold (bottom) and without threshold (top)

Rank	Label	Weighted_Degree	Degree
1	KA Small	30.35940	190
2	HW Richardson	28.18782	150
2	P Gordon	28.18782	150
4	R Cervero	27.63233	160
5	M Fujita	26.50779	188
6	A Anas	26.21615	202
7	J McDonald	25.88979	129
8	DP McMillen	25.49646	143
9	R Arnott	24.82123	166
10	EL Glaeser	24.21636	150
11	G Giuliano	23.95133	109
12	JK Brueckner	23.87590	167
13	KL Wu	23.08604	107
14	WT Bogart	22.66301	79
15	D Dale-Johnson	22.09371	88
15	E Heikkila	22.09371	88
15	JI Kim	22.09371	88
15	RB Peiser	22.09371	88
19	P Krugman	22.08218	143
20	WC Ferry	21.78960	76

Table 7.1: Most central authors 2005-2009 alongside AMM

Rank	Top Cited Documents (Books and Articles)	Nbr Citation
1	Anas A., Arnott R. and Small K.A., 1998, "Urban Spatial Structure" - Journal of Economic Literature	35
1	von Thunen J.H., 1826, The Isolated State	35
3	Fujita M., 1989, Urban Economic Theory: Land Use and City Size	30
3	Rosen S., 1974, "Hedonic Prices and Implicit Markets" - Journal of Political Economy	30
5	Fujita M., Krugman P. and Venables A.J., 1999, The Spatial Economy: Cities, Regions, and International Trade	26
6	Krugman P., 1991, "Increasing Returns and Economic Geography" - Journal of Political Economy	22
6	Marshall A., 1890, Principles of Economics	22
8	Tiebout C.M., 1956, Journal of Political Economy	21
9	Garreau J., 1991, Edge City: Life on the New Frontier	19
10	Christaller W., 1933, Central Places in Southern Germany	18
10	Fujita M. and Ogawa H., 1982, "Multiple Equilibria and Structural Transition of Non-Monocentric Urban Configurations" - Regional Science and Urban Economics	18
10	Mieszkowski P. and Mills E.S., 1993, "The Causes of Metropolitan Suburbanization" - Journal of Economic Perspectives	18
13	Brueckner J.K., 2000, "Urban Sprawl" - International Regional Science Review	16
13	Wheaton W.C., 1974, "A Comparative Static Analysis of Urban Spatial Structure" - Journal of Economic Theory	16
15	Henderson J.V., 1974, "The Sizes and Types of Cities" - American Economic Review	15
16	Brueckner J.K., Thisse J.-F. and Zenou Y., 1999, "Why is Central Paris Rich and Downtown Detroit Poor?" - European Economic Review	14
16	Brueckner J.K., 1987, "The Structure of Urban Equilibria" - Handbook of Regional and Urban Economics (Vol. 2)	14
16	Fujita M. and Thisse J.-F., 2002, Economics of Agglomeration	14
19	Giuliano G. and Small K.A., 1991, "Subcenters in the Los Angeles Region" - Regional Science and Urban Economics	13
20	DiPasquale D. and Wheaton W.C., 1996, Urban Economics and Real Estate Markets	12
20	Heikkila E.J., Gordon P., Kim J.I., Peiser R.B., Richardson H.W. and Dale-Johnson D., 1989, "What Happened to the CBD-distance Gradient?" - Environment and Planning A	12

Table 7.2: Top cited publications for 2005-2009 alongside AMM (WoS)

4 References

Archambault E., Campbell D., Gingras Y. and Larivière V., 2009, “Comparing Bibliometric Statistics Obtained From the Web of Science and Scopus”, Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 60, 7: 1320-1326

Archambault E. and Larivière V., 2010, “The Limits of Bibliometrics for the Analysis of the Social Sciences and Humanities Literature”, in Bokova I., Sané P. and Hernes G. (eds) The World Social Science Report: Knowledge Divides, Paris: Unesco Publishing: 251-254

Alonso W., 1964, Location and Land Use, Cambridge: Harvard University Press

Doehne M. and Herfeld C., 2018, “The Diffusion Of Scientific Innovations: A Role Typology”, Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, xxx: 1-18

Fortunato S. and Barthélémy M., 2007, “Resolution Limit in Community Detection”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104, 1: 36-41

Freeman L.C., 1978/1979, “Centrality in Social Networks: Conceptual Clarification”, social networks, 1: 215-239

Gingras Y. and Khelfaoui M., 2019, “Do We Need a Book Citation Index for Research Evaluation?”, Research Evaluation: 1-11

Gingras Y. and Larivière V., 2014, “Measuring Interdisciplinarity” in Cronin B. and Sugimoto C.R. (eds) Beyond Bibliometrics: Harnessing Multimensional Indicators of Scholarly Impact, Cambridge, London: The MIT Press

Gmür M., 2003, “Co-citation Analysis and the Search of Invisible Colleges: A Methodological Evaluation”, Scientometrics, 57, 1: 27-57

Goustmedt A., 2021, “From the Stagflation to the Great Inflation: Explaining the US Economy of the 1970s.”, Revue d’economie politique, 131, 3: 557-582

Goutsmedt A., Claveau F. and Truc A., 2021, “Biblionetwork: A Package For Creating Different Types of Bibliometric Networks”, R Package version 0.0.0.9000 https://github.com/agoutsmedt/biblionetwork

Larivière V., Archambault E., Gingras Y. and Vignola-Gagné E., 2006, “The Place of Serials in Referencing Practices: Comparing Natural Sciences and Engineering With Social Sciences and Humanities”, Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 57, 8: 997-1004

Marshakova-Sahikevich I, 1973. “System of document connections based on references” Nauch-Techn.Inform, Ser.2 (6):3-8

Mills E.S., 1967, “An Aggregative Model of Resource Allocation in a Metropolitan Area”, American Economic Review, 57, 2: 197-210

Muth R.F., 1969, Cities and Housing, Chicago: University of Chicago Press

Newman M.E.J. and Girvan M., 2004, “Finding and Evaluating Community Structure in Networks”, Physical Review E, 69, 026113

Réale D., Khelfaoui M., Montiglio P.-O. and Gingras Y., 2020, “Mapping the Dynamics of Research Networks in Ecology and Evolution Using Co‑Citation Analysis (1975–2014)”, Scientometrics,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-019-03340-4

Sen S.K. and Gan S.K., 1983, “A Mathematical Extension of the Idea of Bibliographic Coupling and Its Applications”, Annals of Library Science and Documentation, 30, 2:78-82

Small H.G., 1973, “Co-citation in the Scientific Literature: A New Measure of the Relationship Between Two Documents”, Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 24, 4: 265-269

Traag V.A., Waltman L. and van Eck N.J., 2019, “From Louvain to Leiden: Guaranteeing Well-connected Communities”, Scientific Report, 9, 5233

van Eck N.J. and Waltman L., 2009, “How to Normalize Coocurrence Data? An Analysis of Some Well-Known Similarity Measures”, Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 60, 8: 1635-1651

White H.D. and Griffith B.C., 1981, “Author Co-citation: A Literature Measure of Intellectual Structure”, Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 32: 163-171

Zhao, Dangzhi, 2006, “Towards all-author co-citation analysis”, Information Processing and Management, 42: 1578-1591

See also Doehne and Herfled (2018) on the diffusion of the theory of rational decision-making, Gingras and Schinckus (2012) on the institutionalization of Econophysics.↩︎
By contrast, bibliometric coupling produce “definite” clusters in the sense that the proximity between documents which share some of their references is not affected by how topics, publications and communities later evolve.↩︎
See Goustmedt 2021 for an example of a comparison between both methods applied to a corpus in macroeconomics, as well as Boyack and Klanvans 2010 for a general comparison. Note that the communities that we identify for a given period are not living groups researchers who interact, but more intellectual abstract communities of past and present researchers who, according to their readers, form a consistent group of contributors. The “proximity” is intellectual, not social.↩︎
See below for our technical definition of “centrality”.↩︎
Given that at the moment the data were collected not all publications from JUE were yet indexed in WoS, the year 2019 covered only 12 papers of JUE in our set of data.↩︎
To identify references to Alonso (1964), for instance, we searched all the articles indexed the WoS that contain “Alonso-W” as first author and expressions similar to “Location% land%” as documents’ name. Now considering Muth (1969) and Mills (1967), given that both of them have multiple first names, we looked at each combination of names and first names possible. That is, for Muth (1969), all articles that cite references with any combinations between “Muth-R” or “Muth-RF” and “Citi%” were included in our corpus. For Mills (1967), all the articles containing references to any combinations between “Mills-E” or “Mills-ES” and “A%E%R%” and “1967” as the publication year, were kept. For journal articles like Mills (1967), only the name of the journal is available in the WoS to identify the reference. In the case of Mills (1967), we thus look at the references with “American Economic Review” as the document’s name. The reason why we used the expression “A%E%R%” in our query is that references in the WoS can have the expressions ‘Am Economic Rev’ or ‘Am Ec Rev’ for instance as part of their document name. To search for similar expression to “A%E%R%” allowed us to capture any possibilities. Moreover, Mills may have published several papers in the American Economic Review so we also add the publication year (1967 in that case) of the paper that we are looking for.↩︎
Zhao (2006, 1580) defines an author’s body of work “as all works with this author as one of the authors of each of these works.”↩︎
Co-authorship and co-citation remain conceptually different types of proximity as co-authorship results from the choices of those who are cited contrary to co-citations which is the result of the choices of the citing authors.↩︎
We kept the basic settings of Gephi to display our networks with the Atlas Force 2, that is : a “Scaling” of 100.0, a “Gravity” of 1.0 and an “Edge Weight Influence” of 1.0. In order to facilitate the visualization of the different nodes and edges between them, we also selected the “Prevent Overlap” option.↩︎

Cities, Land and Space: A History of ‘Urban Economics’ as a Field

Technical Appendix

Beatrice Cherrier and Anthony Rebours

December 2024